Hebrew History Essay

Question #1 What were the significant periods/occasions in Hebrew history? What significance do they have in Western Civilizations? Is the Bible a sensibly exact hotspot for the History of the Jewish individuals from the Egyptian imprisonment to the Babylonian bondage? The historical backdrop of the Hebrew individuals is set apart by war, inner clash and a progressing battle for endurance. En route, the Hebrews have created a rich embroidered artwork of achievements through diligence and confidence. Over and over, most of the Hebrew individuals have been oppressed. At different occasions, they were incredible and unchallenged leaders of their space. A course of events of Jewish history shows these wonderful differences. The best contemporary hotspot for the early starting points of the Hebrew individuals is the Bible. This book contains a point by point order of the Hebrew individuals, their way of life and their confidence longer than a centuries-in length time range. The initial five books of the Bible contain the Jewish Torah. These five books follow the making of the world, its obliteration by flood, the subjugation of the Jewish individuals, their break, and the foundation of the country of Israel. The flourishing country, would not last, however. It was enslaved by the Babylonians during the 700s B.C.E. In the middle of the Egyptian and Babylon subjugations, the Hebrew individuals took an epic excursion. As indicated by the Bible Moses drove the Israelites out of Egypt in around 1446 B.C.E. Not long after, The Ten Commandments were given by God, establishing the framework for all future Jewish law. Thirty years after the Israelites entered Canaan, the Judges started their standard. A fantastic sanctuary was finished in Jerusalem in around 959 B.C.E. Various ruthless wars followed in the following century. Israel itself had become an isolated country at this point. A debilitated Israel had fallen hostage to the Babylonians by around 586 B.C.E. The Torah is basically a contemporary record, composed by Moses and other early Jewish pioneers. It ranges from the formation of the world to the section of the Hebrews into Canaan in the wake of getting away from the Egyptians. The remainder of the Old Testament annals the historical backdrop of the Israeli country, notwithstanding containing various supplications, tunes, predictions and records of inexplicable happenings. Aside from the Biblical record, the Jewish individuals are referenced in Egyptian writings going back to 1440 B.C.E. Early Jewish history is personally attached to the antiquated Egyptian realms. Hebrew history has profoundly affected Western Civilization. The Christian Bible, which contains the Jewish Torah alongside hundreds of years of recorded records of Jewish culture, is as yet the most broadly read book on the planet. Christ himself was Jewish. The Hebrews likewise contributed specialized information toward the Western world. For instance, the acclaimed glassmakers of Italy were gone before by the Jewish glassmakers of antiquated occasions. It is they who were essentially answerable for acquainting this workmanship with the world. For some, the Bible is the main tenable source following history back to its beginnings. For Christians and non-Christians the same it shapes impression of our general surroundings. Customary Hebrews never acknowledged the Bible’s New Testament as precept. Rather than being the savior, Christ is viewed as a prophet or educator. As Christianity spread far and wide, the Hebrew individuals were progressively scapegoated for Christ’s demise and oppressed for their dismissal of him as the savior. A profound enemy of Semitism set in across Europe and spread to the new world. This has brought about critical outcomes since the beginning and particularly in the twentieth century. The Bible is a nitty gritty and moving record of Jewish history. It is developed dually as a book of history and a book of confidence. Consequently, it can't be relied upon to give a total image of the considerable number of complexities present in the advancement of the Hebrew country. It is composed from the viewpoint of a little portion of the members. In the next hundreds of years researchers changed a few bits of the content. Some different segments were erased or lost. Given the absence of substitute points of view in the Bible, obviously the authors and overseers of it took remarkable consideration to present and safeguard the story as they trusted it to be. Thus it gives us a progression of signs that, much of the time, are affirmed by other antiquated writings and oral conventions. The subtleties will consistently involve singular observation, yet the Bible gives a generally precise guide to the historical backdrop of these uncommon individuals. The most basic occasion throughout the entire existence of Judaism is their redemption from 400 years of subjugation to the Egyptian Pharaoh. As indicated by the Bible, Moses and his sibling Aaron were picked to lead the Hebrew individuals on this inexplicable getaway. After a few sicknesses were put upon the Egyptian individuals the Pharaoh was at long last persuaded to release the individuals. He before long adjusted his perspective, yet the Red Sea gobbled up the Egyptian armed force as they attempted to seek after the Hebrews. The Hebrew clans lived in the desert for a long time until God permitted them to enter the guaranteed place where there is Canaan. While the Hebrews were in the desert a significant number of the Jewish ceremonies and conventions were made that are as yet polished today. Entering Canaan would not be simple, be that as it may. The Israelites battled and crushed a large number of the clans previously living in the zone. The land was isolated into twelve subsections, one for every one of the twelve clans of Israel. Several years of wars and in-battling followed as the country of Israel attempted to set up itself. Archeological proof found lately appears to affirm numerous occasions related in the Bible. The proof additionally brings up more issues, notwithstanding. Prehistoric studies and present day science has its constraints. A significant number of the significant occasions in the Bible are upheld up by current proof. It is increasingly hard to determine why and how these occasions occurred. Question #2 How were the financial establishments of the Roman and the Han realms comparative? How would you represent the likeness? How were they unique? What were the results of the distinctions? During the Han tradition, the Chinese economy experienced generous changes. Toward the start of the period the economy was basically founded on means cultivating. Exchanging movement was insignificant and most homesteads were little family-run tasks. Later in this period, an increasingly considerable exchange arrange developed. A worker class to some degree subject to exchange markets turned out to be progressively far reaching. Grain and rice were the essential harvests of the area. They were frequently used to pay for different merchandise and enterprises. Rice crops were especially hearty as ranchers continually improved their cultivating strategies. A pattern toward commercialization of these items portrayed this period. Industry likewise started to develop during this period. Designers, so productive during the early piece of the line, started to fall behind their partners on different landmasses during the late piece of the administration. The development of exchange arranges likewise evaporated. The caused a financial helplessness that adversaries would viably abuse. The Roman Empire turned into a financial powerhouse dependent on its constant triumph of new regions. In the long run, this quality would become shortcomings. The Roman economy had a few unique shortcomings that assumed a job in a definitive breakdown of the realm. The Roman Empire economy spent significant time in extravagance merchandise, design and framework, and making war-related materiel’. In pre-triumph times the Roman economy was a lot littler, yet it was additionally better adjusted. Homesteads encompassed and provided a focal city-state where shippers, tradesmen and an expert class worked. The development of the domain constrained the Romans to embrace another fiscal framework dependent on both silver and gold. The accessibility of these metals shifted making the estimation of each in connection the other to change oftentimes. This creation created turmoil and an absence of full confidence in the money related framework in the years when the realm was growing most quickly. This, thus, put everything out on the table for additional challenges not far off. As the realm turned out to be less unified the expense of keeping up it rose reliably. Then pay incomes were less trustworthy and unsurprising. Rulers started to depend intensely on slave work and tax collection to help the domain. Guarding the far reaching domain involved gigantic expenses. After some time the realm became extended excessively slender. In an edgy exertion to remain monetarily feasible, the Roman rulers decreased the genuine substance of silver and gold inside their coinage. As it were, the presumptive worth of the coins was more than they were really worth. The formation of a broadly rehearsed money related framework permitted the economy to expand and improve. When the fiscal framework turned out to be less dependable the inverse started to happen. Because of slave work, overwhelming tax collection and different components, monetary advancement in Rome came to a standstill. The Romans could no longer stand to arm and prepare their immense armed force. Distant of Roman force turned out to be progressively powerless. The â€Å"barbarians† from northern Europe were inevitably ready to infiltrate the core of the Roman Empire. Basically, the Roman Empire worked an early case of free market private enterprise. Their variant of free enterprise had a few defects that eventually prompted its annihilation. Free market private enterprise on this scale would not rise again for a long time. The destinies of the Roman and Han domains uncovered an amusing reality about financial aspects and national security. At the point when exchange with outside substances crested, so did the general intensity of the domains. Then again, when exchange was cut off or basically evaporated, the realms were presented to incredible hazard. Their destinies likewise indicated the powerlessness of economies situated in a huge part on slave work. In the Roman Empire, slaves were gained from vanquished domains and made to do a significant part of the work that kept the realm working easily. In

How Far Do You Agree with the View That the Kite Runner Is a Celebration of the Bond of Brotherhooh

How far do you concur with the view that The Kite Runner is a festival of the obligation of fraternity? Fellowship is a solid topic all through the book and there is proof supporting that it is a festival of the obligation of fraternity yet additionally that it isn't. I believe that The Kite Runner could be viewed as a festival of the obligation of the fellowship due to the connection among Amir and Hassan. In spite of the fact that there are indications of unfaithfulness by Amir there are additionally indications of charitable love between them.Amir shows that he thinks about Hassan when he says ‘then he [Ali] would advise us that there was a fellowship between individuals who had taken care of from a similar bosom, a family relationship that not time could break. Hassan and I took care of from similar bosoms. ‘ In this statement Amir suggests that since he and Hassan took care of from a similar bosom, they resemble siblings. This shows he sees an association among he an d Hassan. Notwithstanding, this is unexpected on the grounds that they are siblings in a manner since they share the equivalent father.When Amir says ‘But we were kids who had figured out how to slither together, and no history, ethnicity, society, or religion was going to change that either. I burned through the vast majority of the initial twelve years of my life playing with Hassan', It gives us that Amir loves Hassan and they are close, anyway later on in the book he restrict this explanation when he powers Hassan away. Ten years after Amir leaves Hassan he says ‘I wish Hassan had been with us today', this discloses to us that in spite of the fact that he drove Hassan away, he misses him and wishes things had turn out differently.We realize that Amir recollections with Hassan are his most joyful recollections as when Baba solicits Amir to think from something great, Amir has a flashback of a memory with Hassan. Hassan gives the greater part of the indications of frat ernity through his undying faithfulness towards Amir, Hassan is a dedicated and caring companion to Amir. He shows this before he is assaulted when Assef says â€Å"But before you penance yourself for him, consider this: Would he do likewise for you?Have you at any point asked why he never remembers you for games when he has visitors? Why he possibly plays with you when nobody else is near? I'll disclose to you why, Hazara. Since to him, you're only a hireling. ‘ We realize that Amir wouldn't sacrifies for Hassan as he is a Hazara for him and his hireling. This shows the peruser that Amir trusted it wasn't all in all correct to remain with somebody of your own race and furthermore due to Amir being of a higher social class.The ‘father-child' connection among Amir and Baba doesn't concur with the fraternity of festivity in light of the fact that toward the start of the novel, Khaled Hosseini gives an impression to the peruser that Amir is searching for hell's sake, regar d and endorsement of Baba he believed he has never had. Though Baba feels that his child isn't satisfying his physical, social, strict and social desires and gives brief period to him.However, as the novel unwinds the quality of the connection between these two key characters increments and Amir's is continually enthusiastic for Baba's consideration delivering positive outcomes in the relationship. With Amir feeling that â€Å"Baba abhorred me a little† and Baba feeling that Amir is one of those young men â€Å"who won't go to bat for himself and turns into a man who can't face anything†, the peruser can comprehend the crude connection among Amir and Baba †through the portrayal of the characters and their association.

My First Astrophotography

My First Astrophotography Dear current and future MIT students, There is a class you need to take. 12.409: Hands-On Astronomy. Its a 6-unit P/D/F (your options are: pass, get a D, or fail). You learn the basics of amateur astronomical observing: sketching, assembling a telescope, using a telescope and a map to find faint objects, constellation identification, basic astronomy like the magnitude system and optics. I talked more about the class here. One evening, I had my head in the sky for SEVEN HOURS straight: one hour up on the roof (using a telescope to find Comet Pan-STARRS as the sun set), two hours total in the van, and four hours out at Wallace Observatory. There, I sat outside in the snow, huddling in six layers of clothing + a hat + gloves, peering through the telescope I set up. I managed to find the Beehive Cluster using a map (that I read in red lamplight). I took the occasional break to have a hot drink inside. Im being sincere when I say that those were seven of the happiest, most peaceful hours of my life. Eric 14 and I tried our hand at some astrophotography; here are our first attempts.   Hopefully next time we can start taking pictures of nebulae, galaxies, etc. Let me know if you recognize any celestial objects! Constellations, stars, planets?

commentry on the handsmaid tale - 1141 Words

This novel is an account of the near future, a dystopia, wherepollution and radiation has rendered countless women sterile, and the birthrates of North America are dangerously declining. A puritan theocracy nowcontrols the former United States called the Republic of Gilead andHandmaids are recruited to repopulate the state. This novel containsAtwoods strong sense of social awareness, as seen in the use of satire tocomment on different social conditions in the novel. The HandmaidsTale is a warning to young women of the post-feminist 1980s and after,who began taking for granted the rights that had been secured for womenby the women before them. The environmental danger of pollution and radiation run off from powerplants is commented on†¦show more content†¦She explained later toOffred that he was no rapist, only a member of the undergroundrebellion. She wanted to end his suffering. Due to the lack open rebellion, Offreds society is faced with thecomplete loss of freedom. Women are now forbidden any kind ofcommunication. They have to lead a life of servitude and are stripped of allpersonal possessions, of their families, and finally their identities. Theyare all replaceable, categorized objects, Handmaids who are deemedinfertile are sent to the colonies to die. The women are also made to wearuniforms and are named to be defined in their relation to men, forexample Offred serves Fred, and his wife is known only as Wife. Theuniforms in Gilead categorize each group by colour, this serves to segregatethem, like the Jews during World War II. The Wives, who are the higheston the list, wear only light blue. The Handmaids must wear red and theMarthas wear brown. The men all wear similar military uniforms. TheHandmaids uniform is reminiscent of women in the Middle East, becausethey are made to hide the womens bodies and prevent them from beingseen: quot;I get up out of the chair, advance my feet into the sunlight, in theirred shoes, flat-heeled to save the spine and not for dancing. The redgloves are lying on the bed. I pick them up, pull them onto my hands,finger by finger. Everything except the wings around my face is red:the

67 Causal Essay Topics to Consider

A causal essay is much like a cause-and-effect essay, but there may be a subtle difference in the minds of some instructors who use the term causal essay for complex topics and cause-and-effect essay for  smaller or more straightforward papers. However, both terms describe essentially the same type of essay and the goal of each is the same: to come up with a list of events or factors (causes) that bring about a certain outcome (effect). The key question in such an essay is, How or why did something happen? It is important to make a clear connection between each cause and the ultimate effect. Potential Causes The most common problem students face in writing the causal essay is running out of causes to talk about.  It is helpful to sketch out an outline before you begin writing the first draft of your outline. Your essay should include a strong introduction, good transition statements, and a well-crafted conclusion. Topics to Consider You can use a topic from this list, or use the list as inspiration for your own idea. What conditions and events led to the Great Depression?What prompts a change in fashion trends?Why do some people fear the dark?How did some dinosaurs leave footprints?What causes criminal behavior?What causes people to rebel against authority?What conditions lead to powerful hurricanes?What developments led to regional accents in the United States?Why do good students become truant?What causes war?What factors can lead to birth defects?How are car insurance rates determined?What factors can lead to obesity?What can cause evolution to occur?Why does unemployment rise?Why do some people develop multiple personalities?How does the structure of the Earth change over time?What factors can cause bulimia nervosa?What makes a marriage fail?What developments and conditions led to the Declaration of Independence?What led to the decline of the automobile industry?What factors led to the decline of the Roman Empire?How did the Grand Canyon form?Why did slavery replace indentured servitude in th e American colonies?How has popular music been affected by technology?How has racial tolerance changed over time?What led to the dot-com bubble burst?What causes the stock market to fall?How does scarring occur?How does soap work?What causes a surge in nationalism?Why do some bridges collapse?Why was Abraham Lincoln assassinated?How did we get the various versions of the Bible?What factors led to unionization?How does a tsunami form?What events and factors led to womens suffrage?Why did electric cars fail initially?How do animals become extinct?Why are some tornadoes more destructive than others?What factors led to the end of feudalism?What led to the Martian Panic in the 1930s?How did medicine change in the 19th century?How does gene therapy work?What factors can lead to famine?What factors led to the rise of democratic governments in the 18th century?How did baseball become a national pastime in the United States?What was the impact of Jim Crow laws on black citizens in the United States?What factors led to the growth of imperialism?Why did the Salem witch trials take place?How did Adolf Hitler come to power?What can cause damage to your credit?How did the conservationism start?How did World War I start?How do germs spread and cause illness?How do people lose weight?How does road salt prevent accidents?What makes some tires grip better than others?What makes a computer run slowly?How does a car work?How has the news industry changed over time?What created Beatlemania?How did organized crime develop?What caused the obesity epidemic?How did grammar rules develop in the English language?Where do political parties come from?How did the Civil Rights movement begin?

Case Study of Architect Perumal Free Essays

Ar. Perumal has experiences range from planing, managing and oversing solid waste thermic works, instruction installations, commercial and industrial edifice and retail mercantile establishments. His professional experience engaged him in the design and supervising of building undertakings in Malaysia were non needfully trained in a separate architecture plan in an academic scene. We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study of Architect Perumal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Alternatively, he is trained under established designers. Prior to his battle in Architecture, there is a distinguishable theory and understanding behind his political orientation and construct in his attack, his squad of applied scientists and his client, and the experient that he used varied depending on geographical location. Therefore, his house engaged him in pull stringsing a design via the basic construct of design, geographically incorporate and reacting to the clime on site. This is what made Ar. Perumal particular in the field of Architecture. ARCHITECTURAL THEORY Ar. Perumal designed for the largest hypermarket concatenation in Malaysia, the Mydin Hypermarket and Warehouse distribution centre in USJ. The distribution centre design and building was overseen by the Mydin adviser squad with regard to timely completion of the plants during the building works. However, to guarantee the quality of the building, the plants were sub contracted under NSC for better pricing and quality plants under a Main Contractor. In this building, the design, finance, and legal facets is taken inconsiderateness by Ar. Perumal. Hence, the design is non merely structurally appropriate for the usage and location, it is design in regard to the fiscal demands and legality of the site. Hence, the construction is integrated into the surrounding by planing in a unit of ammunition model of Architecture. Besides, as efficiency of the edifice has caught the eyes of his client, Ar Perumal implements his construct of Architecture and building cognition to plan this edifice. His houses provided a field on the cutting border of the newest methods of building intended to better efficiency, public presentation and overall theory of the edifice. In facets of design theory, Ar. Perumal, besides known as an designer who systematically pushes the ecological facet in his architectural design manner, this pushes the ability to plan by stressing the environmental impact of the edifice in relation to the site context of Mydin. This lead to the new boundary country outside the reinforced country which is influenced by the ecology, which test the bounds of his ecological theory. This so lead to a heightened grasp for the diverseness of ecological phenomena in an urban context, theoretical and analytically legit attacks to the design of the site. Hence, the arrangement and orientation of the edifice are all appropriate which is so influenced by the penchant of the client. Hence, this creates an empirical infinite which made the site sustainable and reduces pollution during building. Harmonizing to Ar. Perumal on his design of Mydin, he mentioned that his work experiments with houses to be sustainable, of course from land, embodied with ecological design such as H2O comes straight from land without JPA and it is self-sustainable. However, an off-grid power supply is non seen in Mydin. Hence, in this instance survey of Mydin, sustainability is seen on how his arrangement of data point of systems remain diverse and productive which is present in his floor programs. The facade designs are illustrations of an reading of an individuality which is present in the Malayan tradition. In more general footings, his construct of sustainability is embedded in the endurance and individuality devising of systems and processes to how a human interact with the infinite within the edifice. This so forms the base rule for Mydin design which includes the four distinctive values on its lift. It is the ecological, economic, societal and civilization perceptual experience of the Mydin Hypermarket. Architect Perumal sustainable design is besides to chair in usage of stuffs, energy and development infinite. Besides, it minimized the negative environmental impact of edifices by efficiency. Hence, the development of Mydin supermarket shows an attack to plan in architecture uses a witting attack to energy and ecological preservation in design of the environment. â€Å"Preservation of one’s wellness and soundness, † said Architect Perumal is a definition that is extracted from a book he read, an action to conserver bing status in any signifier and by any agencies is necessary for a sustainable attack on Earth. He wants his development of solutions to protect the ways of Earth’s biological diverseness in the urban context and he starts with the design of the Mydin supermarket. Geography The 2nd factor which influences Ar. Perumal is the geographical factor. As known the Mydin Hypermarket is located which is a sub urban context about 20km of the metropolis centre of Kuala Lumpur. It local context consist of leisure, diversion, lodging down all the manner to industrialise country. Facing, Persiaran Subang Permai, it is strategically located in the commercial territory of USJ. Hence, the edifice responded to the biggest route nearby which is the Lebuhraya Shah Alam. This makes both site context and the industries branding to hold a important impact alongside Persiaran Subang Permai. The survey on site which is done by Ar. Perumal, surveyed a evaluation for across five classs for this site â€Å" experience. † To be induced into the community of USJ instead than a edifice standalone on site. The intent is to make an terminal end for the community in footings of permeableness of advertisement and apposition of the edifice to assist the client in warranting their p lace as a â€Å" premium † stock list beginning as a hypermarket. Besides, planing Mydin via site context had been slippery plenty. It is needed to react to the nearby Segi College Subang Jaya which locates beside the Giant hypermarket. Hence, this made it interesting an interesting remote feeling thought by Ar. Perumal. Hence, he obtained information through the signifier of infographic while planing to geography, the informations and picture taking on site which assisted him in design via site context which made it possible to hike the visibleness of Mydin. Hence, the survey came in many signifiers such as head function, aerial imagination, and local study which deemed the angle of gap of the Mydin Hypermarket in USJ. Ar. Perumal besides emphasized the mapmaking ability of an designer must be strong plenty to understand the symbols and gestures of the site which made it more alive instead than a dead piece of land for an designer. The arrangement of the burden bay and the front lift is reasonably a behavioral psychological science that induces cl ients to map their motion inside and outside the edifice base one’s perceptual experience. Ar Perumal believes that a design is controlled by the clime. Which the clime which so transform the signifier to either protect from or reap the natural force of Mother Nature. Hence, the incorporation of Mydin into the USJ site will find what workss will turn at that place for green design, and how people will see it. However, he did non acquire a opportunity to plan a green roof for Mydin. Despite all that, Ar Perumal take in the three constituents to his green design attack which is the climatic response, workss and animate beings which are interwoven to make the cloth of a biome. Hence, the sunglight, north point and rainfall of USJ is of import to play with the materiality and gaps of the edifice on site. Climate Taking in consideration of the site, USJ has a tropical rain forest clime with no dry season. The country within 25 stat mis of this station is covered by croplands ( 73 % ) , oceans and seas ( 12 % ) , shrublands ( 9 % ) , and woods ( 5 % ) which have an mean day-to-day high temperature during May. This controls the gap and design of Mydin entranceway itself. Besides, the consideration of cold season during November to January takes no consequence to the edifice design as the mean tropical Malayan temperature is more or less the same throughout the whole twelvemonth. Therefore, doing it a significant edifice standing alongside the chief streets of USJ. While taking in consideration of the edifice scientific disciplines in USJ, Ar Perumal plays with the decrease of urban heat island consequence. He wants to cut down the hazard to human wellness in the built environment which is to cut down the consequence of it by take downing the temperature. At times, the site can confront a H2O deficit yarn as a consequence of reduced rainfall and seeks to counter it with environmental friendly methods. Hence, he proposed systems of options for extenuating clime alteration and their implicit in technological, economic and institutional demands to his client. This cut down the hazards, its uncertainness and ethical foundations of clime alteration extenuation on the site. He farther investigates extenuation steps for all major sectors and buttockss investing and finance issues so that it does non impact the verve and productiveness of the edifice itself. Ar Perumal captures value for his plants in Mydin for an promotion in his acknowledgment to originate the thrust and lucidity of the design to convey sure transparence of the market place. Therefore, assisting his client to back up their market place without jeopardizing the environment. As the alterations of the reinforced environment poses new menace to the climatic conditions subconciously, the enterprise to protect yet doing a gratifying reinforced experience without giving an aesthetically delighting edifice is tough but it is a challenge by the designer during his design phase of the Mydin Hypermarket. The character of our landscapes, as a altering clime impacts upon environmental, cultural, societal and economic factors which shape this character impacting the verve and productiveness of flora. Mention: Average Weather For Subang Jaya, Malaysia hypertext transfer protocol: //weatherspark.com/averages/34046/Subang-Jaya-Selangor-Malaysia How to cite Case Study of Architect Perumal, Free Case study samples

Uk as a Mixed Economy free essay sample

In the light of the change that have occurred in the structure of the UK economy in the recent years, discuss better is it still correct to describe UK economy as a mixed economy. Generally, the British economy is also known as the Anglo-Saxon economy and is the second largest economy in Europe after Germany. It is also the fifth largest economy in the world in terms of market exchange rates. In the early history, the country’s most dominated sector is the agriculture sector in which the most important and major export is of cassiterite which is known as ‘tin’ in Anglo Saxon which gave the country its’ name. UK is also one of the most significant producers of textiles and chemical products. Back in the medieval times (11th century – 15th century), the wool trade was a major industry and was being exported to Europe. From then on, towns and ports grew up and in addition canals and railways began to be built. We will write a custom essay sample on Uk as a Mixed Economy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Another important industrial are automotives, locomotives and aircraft. The UK economy experienced a massive transformation in the 1980’s when the country was under the leadership of Margaret Thatcher where state owned enterprise in the industrial and service sector which since 1940’s had been nationalized were privatized. The British government now only owns very few industries and businesses such as ‘The Royal Mail’. As the country expands, UK underwent a vast passage through civilization and modernization, thus due to that in the 1990’s, UK’s financial sector came into the big screen and played a big role in contributing the country’s outcome revenue. The largest sector in UK is the service sector with the manufacturing and primary sector in decline although the sector is still important for overseas trade, accounting for 83% of UK’s exports. The economy in the recent years has seen the largest period of sustained economic growth for more than 150 years and it is also one of the strongest European Union economies in terms of inflation, interest rates and unemployment all which is relatively low. After such improvement in the UK economy, is it correct to look at the country as a country which practices the mixed economic system still or otherwise? Personally in my opinion, I would indeed look at UK as a country applying the mixed economy concept as both government and firms are involved in determining the future growth and further development of the country in terms of profit and welfare as they are both equally significant.

Case Study Community Development Principles, Practices and Understandings

It is possible to understand the concept of community through a multiplicity of definitions. The term itself has been in use for a long time now. It helps us understand the whole concept through a range of senses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Community Development Principles, Practices and Understandings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More From one angle, we view the concept of community as a ‘common people’ who are distinguished from those of rank. As such, this group of commons then defines itself as an organized society. That is, the people of one district. District here will mean anything from a small area or locality to a large area of residence. The distinguishing quality of holding a common thing of interest between the members of the said locality is another distinct feature of community, which helps a person to understand further. This is most evident in a community of interest o r community of goods. To this end, therefore, the said group of people is a community because it shares common identity and their characteristics are similar in terms of its aspirations and activities (Kenny, 2010). In the analysis of the Peake Estate outlined in the extract by Kenny (2010), the various aspirations and activities that the community members are engaged in, clearly, define it as a community build under a multiplicity of functions and interest. As such, in clearly defining the true nature of the community, we cannot use just one point of view in its definitions. What emerges from the analysis of this community is that it has all the elements that qualify it to be viewed as a community of interest, locality and culture. Peake estate is defined this way by first looking at the fact that, these people are residing in one area-this is a high-rise council estate in a low in come suburb in a capital city. The fact that these people live in a low suburb in a capital city give s them a unique characteristic that then clearly defines them as a community of locality.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their status of low-income earners then cements their definitions. We realize that apart from being a community of culture, the community can still be viewed as community of interest. Why is this so? This is because their aspirations and interest are focused on one common goal of improving their locality by acquiring jobs and learning how to work with computers. The people are joined together by the need to work together and eradicate crime in their locality, be able to educate their children (Christensen et al. 2003). A deep look at the nature of the community described by Kenny, we realize that because of the cultural diversity characterizing this community, characteristics evidenced by various dynamics of the community such as crime, unemployment and absen teeism from school the community cannot be defined as a community of culture. The residents of Peake estate community are aimed at achieving development in their locality. Together with the community organizer Paolo, they seek to develop their various areas of life. As such, the type of development pursued by this community is seen not to be one sided but multifaceted. Why is this so? The answer to this is seen by reviewing their aspirations and activities. The community wants to eradicate crime, move their children from the streets-social development. The community wants to be able to work comfortably among the various cultural underpinning that characterize it.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Case Study: Community Development Principles, Practices and Understandings specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This too, is social development (Julian, 2000). Peake estate has high rate of unemployment. This is the main reas on the children do not go to schools and are in the streets and the young men are bored because they lack anything to do. As such the need to come up with projects to enable the community members earn a living stipulates this as an economic development. This is further proved by the pursuit of Paolo the community organizer in soliciting for the donation of computers to start a computer-learning project. This is directed at killing two birds with one stone-that is offer the community a source of livelihood and gives the youngsters a tool of killing their boredom. This is an activity of interest (Effland, 1998). A keen analysis of the Peake estate reveals a number of development principles that have been used by Paolo and the rest of the community on making the various developments interest a success. These principles as if they emerge include the value principle. It has generally agreed that community development work to support groups, persons and even organizations. This is done be cause of certain values. As such, the core values of a community in its development define the principles as discussed here below; these principles of community development include; social justice, learning and working as one, personal determination, sustaining communities, participation and reflective practice (Putnam, 2000). The pursuance of development principles in community development ensures a successful attainment of the community goals. These principles act as the guidelines to achieving the aspired development. They also come about as the road map to sustainable community development. In reassessing the development involving Peake estate, all the development principles outlined here above come out clearly. All have been taken in to consideration but it is only some that have stood over the others in ensuring develop of the community.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As such, the principle of working together has emerged over the others. Paolo the community organizer has enabled the residents of this estate in believing that working and learning together is an important ingredient in achieving collective and wholesome development. Paolo has demonstrated that collective working together is effective in mobilizing the community members in removing their prejudice based on cultural diversity and instead rechanneling their energy I n the pursuance of a common developmental goal. This is as if they did in successful developing the computer learning a teaching project. In doing this, the community has used this principle in developing a culture of effective decision-making and accountability. This has enabled the community in taking in to consideration all aspects of community in its development. These have included eradicating crime, neutralizing cultural tensions and job creation. In achieving this, the principle has enabled the community embers in effectively sharing good practices and experiences.this has enabled the members of peake estate learn from each other especially in the development of the computer learning project. For example, the foreigner project designer uses his knowledge as a graphic designer in helping the growth of the project. He shares his knowledge with the other community members and this enables them work even better as one unit focused to a seen goal of development. In viewing the nature of community development in regards to the Peake estate and the role of the development principles in achieving the desired development levels, the principle of participation has emerged high. This principle aims at promoting individuals participation as well as the community. This specifically aims at those who are marginalized. In the recognition of this principle, Paolo in Kenny’s extract has showed the application of this principle. The principle is useful it plays an effective role in involving all the mem bers of the community in the development of the computer projects where all the members old and young have been involved in ensuring the success of the project by the knowledgeable sharing their useful knowledge and the young teaching the old on how to use computers. The old here are the marginalized as far as computer usage is concerned. In order to pin down the underlying setbacks in ensuring community development of the Peake estate, Paolo first seeks to identify and ratify these setbacks. He does this by first recognizing the challenging barriers to effective and full participation in the whole process of community development. This he solves by realizing that there is a gap between the old and the young generation. To solve this problem, he brings out the fact that while the old have no skills in computer skills, but want to learn, the young have the skills and want an avenue to discharge their skills. This in turn creates a coincidence of interest which then he uses to ensure that the two groups work together (Putnam, 2000). Participation principles also call for the active participation in supporting the community in gainful acquisition of essential skills that enables the members of the community in actively participating in the community’s developmental endeavors. In our case here, the efforts for every member of the community to have knowledge in computer application demonstrates this. The knowledge acquired by the members of the community enables them in actively developing the computer project into an income generating investment. The contracts have enabled the community members to think broad and become innovative. They can look at a situation and determine the needs of the society and from then onwards they come up with community-based projects to be undertaken. The contracts have also lead to the creation of a better working environment for environs through the development of infrastructure therefore enabling the community members to enga ge in income generating ventures, which will support them and enable them to maintain their standard of living. Participation of the community member in the subprojects created a sense of ownership among the members thus creating sustainability of the project even in later years. This is quite a positive move in the right direction. It creates some form of ownership and acceptance. This is especially true when the whole process is open and accountable and recognizes merit. The above phenomenon has been achieved through the development of social structures that has enabled effective community participation in the development process. The above-mentioned social structures involve the integration of the various cultures in community unity. The structures in our case of Peake estate have been built by ensuring cultural linkages, generational unity and the building of a spirit of hard work and efficiency among all the community members. The building of the above social structures is base d on the sharing of good practices among the community members and this ensures that they learn from one another, like evidenced by the development of the computer project (Kenny, 2011). In achieving success in community development, all or most of the principles of community development should be taken into consideration. However, a deep look in our community development case study, we realize that a number of principles do not get application. On note, here is the principle of reflective practice. Even though the community contracting has so many successes, it has failed in certain aspects. It is unreasonable to allocate tasks to groups that do not have prior experience on a particular field. This results to poor judgment on what needs to be done and poor implementation of the project. As a result, there is an increase in wastage resource. Secondly, community contracting is community based and cannot be used to implement change on a nationwide basis as a result this pulls back dev elopment in that particular community. This principle aims at supporting and promoting collective and individual learning through practice and reflection. In our case study, the changing of practice is not in response to reflection outcome. It is highly based on the need to quickly escape from lack of employment, eradicate crime and be able to educate the children. The outcome of the projects initiated is not reflected on the outcome. Reflective practice principle can be used in community development by enabling the community members and the community developers in establishing the constraints facing the community development process. Like mentioned here above, such a principle will enable the community developers and the community at large in establishing the likely problem facing the development project such as lack of funds or the computers (Lenski, 1974). In our earlier definition of the term community, we defined it as a group of people who have one thing in common. This common factor like we started by seeing could be based on the interest and goals that the said group of people pursue. As such, this group of people then works together for a common goal as an organized society. The above definition when weighed against our case study of the Peake state community seems to augment well. The Peake estate community through its working of the computer project and its aim of eradicating crime and poverty shows all the characteristics of an organized community. Community development as a whole involves a wide range of area to study. The study of community development can be studied in the view of its role in achieving social equity, reducing crime or achieving social economic advancement. In this regard therefore, a further study should be made in order to establish the various areas in the community that can be advanced for the development of the said community. This could involve the role played by community development in achieving the overall national devel opment. Community development should be viewed in the right of how different communities can relate with each other in achieving combined development in their various aspects of their lives. In this regard, the Peake estate in collaboration with other surrounding communities should work to reduce crime collectively, promote education for their children as well as come up with projects that can improve their economic standards (Kenny, 2011). Reference List Christensen, K. et al. (2003) Encyclopedia of Community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Effland, R. (1998) The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations. London: Mesa Community College. Julian, B. (2000) Community Development Principles and Practical Actions. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Kenny, S. (2011) Developing Communities for the Future: Community Development in Australia. Australia: Thomas Nelson. Lenski, G. (1974) Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology. New York: McGraw- Hill, Inc. Putnam, D. (2000) The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Routledge. Putnam, R. D. (2000) Bowling Alone: The collapse and revival of American community. New York: Simon and Schuster. This essay on Case Study: Community Development Principles, Practices and Understandings was written and submitted by user D1m1tr1 to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How similar were the reasons f essays

How similar were the reasons f essays How similar were the reasons for the Hungarian uprising of 1956 and the events in Czechoslovakia in 1968 The uprising in Hungary originally began because of Khrushchevs Destalinisation policies. The Hungarian government had not implemented any of these reforms and the people began to protest. The Government was currently run by a man named Gero. His government could not handle the violence that was resulting from these protests, the soviet tanks were forced to retreat from Budapest and the pressure on Gero only grew. Eventually Gero was forced to leave his place of leadership because of pressure from the soviet government, he was replaced by Nagy; Nagy was a moderate communist and began to implement reforms. The events in Czechoslovakia began in very much the same way. The leader of the government at the time was Novonty, Novotny became leader in 1957. Novotny's government had refused to implement any reforms. This upset much of the public and those in the government who supported the reforms policy. In 1963 after many years of pressure from the public and reformists in the government Novotny finally resigned his position. Novotny was replaced By a more moderate communist Anthony Dubcek. Dubcek was also quite open to the idea of reforms and more freedoms for the people. These two situations are quite similar only the later Czechoslovakian rising did not feature many protests or violence. However both had the opposition to government and eventual resignation of hard line rulers replaced by moderate communists. The opposition to the attitudes of the Government was strongly felt but because of censorship policies could not be openly voiced. The resignation of Novotny took a lot longer than Gero because the people did not have violent protests or demonstrations. Having seen the riots and increasing violence of the Hungarians during the reign of Gero Nagy knew that he would have to offer a lot of reforms or at...

Chapter Four Reading Response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter Four Reading Response - Assignment Example t of Egypt whereas Ashoka fought for power and control in India in addition to devotion in Buddhism and imperial religion (Wilkins, Schultz and Linduff 94). I responded negatively to the Arch of Titus, Rome. This was marble over concrete core commissioned by Titus (Wilkins, Schultz and Linduff 95). Additionally, I responded negatively to Flora from the Villa of Arianna at Castellammare di Stabia. This is given that, they both symbolize inconsequential meanings, for example, the Flora signified silk garments that men should not define themselves with and the Arch of Titus represented the suppression of the Jewish movement and flattering control over Jerusalem. I would like to learn more about the Buddhist Monument specifically the Great Stupa at Sanchi. This is considering that I admired the extensive value of this piece of art and its religious significance. I find it simply out of the ordinary piece of arts. How was it possible to preserve the religious value of the Great Stupa at Sanchi from the prehistoric times in early Buddhism to the present day? Finding answers to this question, entails carrying out research which include, consulting art experts and searching the library data base of ancient arts and

Restaurant Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Restaurant Review - Essay Example The dress code is official with gentlemen advised to wear a coat, no jeans or slip-on shoes and ladies are also encouraged to dress appropriately. The moment you step into Acquerello all your senses are ignited. The setting is impeccable consisting of white clothed tables with centered unique rose flower decoration surrounded by artistic wood chairs. The ambience is enhanced by warm colored stucco walls and the yellow- golden lighting that gives you a comfortable romantic feel. A former chapel, the restaurant has a dark wood open beam cathedral ceiling with a sixty seat capacity that is spacious and provides privacy (Bauer 58). The restaurant members of staff are very professional, providing exemplary service that makes you feel well cared for and special. The charming waiters are impeccably dressed. They patiently wait as you give the order writing down every single specification you may have and with a slight head bow rush to place the order in quick, agile yet gracious steps. Giancarlo Partelini and Executive chef Suzette Greshman the operators of the restaurant seems to give quality service all the seriousness it deserves and can be seen serving the customers and chatting with them to ensure satisfaction. The operators of the restaurant have succeeded in their vision of making Acquerello a place to find unforgettable seamless service over the past twenty years. The wine team led by Giancarlo Partelini, the wine director, comprises of wine experts/ sommeliers that are dedicated to giving you a totally enjoyable experience. The wine collection is made of carefully chosen wide range of both vintage and modern wine. My favorite being Italian red wine made from Nebbiolo grapes from a region called Piemonte in Italy. The sommelier also provided us with an envelope giving more details about the wine and where it could be bought in San Francisco which was most thoughtful of him. The prices are twenty five dollars for a three hundred

Introduction To The James Bond Character

Introduction To The James Bond Character James Bond was born by the hands of English writer Ian Fleming, father of the world most famous secret agent novels. Codename 007, double 0 for the license to kill, James bond is a charming British special agent with the talent to solve the twisted machination of rich and powerful evils minds. HISTORY OF THE CHARACTER After rising to the rank of commander in the British navy, Bond Joined MI6, becoming one of the few agents licensed to kill. His role is to track down those who seek world domination and the destruction of Western civilization. Nothing stops him in battle with ultimate evil. (2) Inside the MI6, who occupies a bureaucratic office is designated by a letter; among all, M is the direct boss of James Bond, Q is the technological section and is involved in the creation of all the essential gadgets for James Bond missions. At last but not least miss Moneypenny, James Bonds secretary, and all the so called bond girl that are one of the fundamental feature for the series (feature also accused of sexism and machismo) THE AUTHOR Ian Lancaster Flaming was born in Mayfair, London, May 28, 1908. His family was part of the English aristocracy: his grandfather was the wealthy scottish banker Robert Fleming and his father, Valentine Fleming, was a conservative member of parliament, service-oriented land owner in Oxfordshire. Ian was only 9 years old when the father was killed in the first world war. He begins his studies in 1921 at Eton college, and complete them with some difficulties, but he was one of the best athletes of the institute. Young Ian is exuberant, loves beautiful women and sports cars, and is not ashamed to be seen as a heavy drinker. To correct the behavior of the boy, the mother enrols him at the military academy. Disappointed, his mother sends him in Austria, in a British family who runs a guesthouse for students. In a free and stimulated environment, different from the English one, Ian improves his profits. Thanks to this environment Ian become passionate about climbing and skiing; and this same panorama, recurs in his novels. He continued his studies by attending courses in Foreign Policy at the Universities of Geneva and Monaco. Undertake the profession of journalist for the Reuters agency. His eccentric passions are reflected in the founding of the club Le Cercle, dedicated to the cult of gastronomy and gambling; (in the movie license to kill, the first appearance of James Bond is right inside the club The Cercle). In the 1939 he joined the secret service of the British Navy: spending those years conducting a series of operations that will form the basis of the experience that give credibility, life and substance to the character of James Bond. In 1952 he married Geraldine Anne Rothermere, Countess of Charteris. During the Honeymoon he wrote Casino Royale, his first book with James Bond. Will end up writing a total of twelve novels and two collections of shorts stories on 007, a book inquiry on the international traffic of diamonds and a surreal novel titled Chitty Chitty Bang Bang. In the sagas most famous secret agent in the world, Ian Fleming used many episodes of his personal and professional life. In 1964, Fleming suffered a severe debilitating chest cold, which combined with pleurisy, forcing a slow recovery. That summer his mother died, leaving behind her small fortune from Valentine Flemings trust. By this time, Fleming had already earned his own fortune, created his own identity, and ruled his own literary empire. His doctors advised him he was too ill to attend his mothers service, but he went anyway. Fleming tried to force his recovery, dictating letters in protest of his condition, as if by sheer will, Fleming could regain his health. In August went to St. Georges to meet with the golf committee. His heart failed him, and the night of August 11, Ian Fleming began to bleed to death from within. At 1 a.m. on August 12, 1964, Ian Fleming died at the age of 56. He is buried in Sevenhampton, near Swindon not too far from the Welsh border. His wife Anne died in 1981. Flemings only child, Casper, died from a suicidal drug overdose in 1975. Both are buried beside Ian beneath a simple obelisk monument in the shadow of the local stone church. (3) THE ARMY TODAY Royal Navy The United Kingdom is an island nation. The sea has always been a vital factor in its history. It has been a means of people arriving from overseas, a barrier to invaders, a highway for trade and the basis for a once global empire. After the second World war the Royal Navy sees a great transformation in technology, roles and society. The strategic impact of the Royal Navy was transformed introducing nuclear power and nuclear armed submarines that changes the strategic nuclear deterrent of Britain; ships design was transformed; the Navy first guided missile armed destroyer was completed in 1962; officer entry at schoolboy age was replaced by the mid-1950s, by entry at eighteen. (4) Royal Marines Ethos The ethos of the Royal Marines refers to our role and the way we fulfil it. Since the Second World War, we have developed a specific function as a commando and amphibious force, undertaking operations in harsh environments be they mountain, jungle, cold weather or desert. This difficult and unique task requires certain personal characteristics, which are nurtured at the Commando Training Centre during training and then maintained and developed during our subsequent service. It is because of these individual qualities that we are able to fulfil our collective role successfully; combined, these two key elements form our ethos. (5) MI6 The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), is the espionage agency of Great Britain. Its more commonly known as the Military Intelligence section 6 (MI6). It was founded in 1909 as the foreign section of the Secret Service Bureau. It provides the British Government whit a global covert capability to promote and defend the national security and economic well being of the United Kingdome. Ian Fleming worked for the MI6 during the second world war, for the secret services of the Royal Navy. (6) WHAT WE CAN LEARN FROM JAMES BOND James Bond Movies and novels, changed the collective imaginary He is the central character in one of the best-selling series of popular novels in literary history, and the hero of the most successful and enduring cycle of films ever produced. His critics accused him of racism, sexism, and snobbery. His fans see him as cultured, seductive, and discerning. He is agent 007, licensed to kill. First appearing with the publication of Ian Flemingsngs Casino Royale in 1953 and crossing over to the big screen with the film adaption of Dr No in 1962, James Bond emerged at a turning point in British post-war history, a moment of profound cultural change that saw Britains decline as a superpower and its reinvention as a swinging mecca for music, fashion, shopping and youth culture. As a fictional character who perpetuated British fantasies of global influence while simultaneously glamourizing an affluent lifestyle based on brand-name consumerism, exotic travel, and sexual conquest, bond novels and films have reminded at the forefront of popular culture, continuously modernizing the 007 formula to reflect and often anticipate changing social attitudes, major developments in world politics, and shifting trends in popular fiction and cinema culture. (1) ( The James Bond phenomenon, A critical reader; Christoph Lindner; Univerisity of Wales, Aberystwyth; Manchester University Press; 2003) The bond look: The way James Bond present himself to the world his look provides a number of telling insights his personality. As befits his public persona of a successful businessman for Universal Exports, his style is undemonstrative and classically tailored, suggesting a man at ease with himself and in control of his life. He favors lightweight suits in muted shades for most occasions, and a tuxedo for formal events. Shoes, shirts, and ties are of the best quality. Everything fits, nothing is left to chance he transcends the whims of fashion. Bond in love: For James Bond a beautiful woman, especially in independent, free-spirited woman, is an irresistible challenge the ultimate prize of a life lived as if there were no tomorrow. Love never lasts long in Bond World. As Paris Carver, a former lover, once remarked with tragic foresight: this job of yours its murder on relationship. So Bond keeps moving, from romance to romance. Yet one name will always linger his memory the name of his murdered bride, Tracy di Vincenzo. ( James Bond the secret world of 007; Alastair Dougall; Dorling Kindersley Publishing, London, New York, Munich, Melbourne, and Delhi; 2006 ) ( http://www.klast.net/bond/flem_bio.html; Jhon Cork ([emailprotected]); Ian Fleming Foundation, 1995 [online]; accessed on 03/05/2010 ) (3) ( http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/history/historical-periods/1945-2000/ [online] accessed on 04/05/2010 ) (4) (http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/royalmarines/history-and-ethos/ethos-beliefs/ [online ] accessed on 04/05/2010) (5) ( http://www.sis.gov.uk/output/sis-home-welcome.html; [online]; accessed on 04/05/2010 ) (6)

Urban Sprawl and Motorization

Increasing urban sprawl and motorization have become leading causes of environmental and social problems in recent years throughout the world, particularly in cities of developing countries. Urban sprawl is the disorderly expansion of urban areas, especially resulting from real estate development on the out skirts of a city. Motorization, which is linked to urban sprawl, can be defined as the increasing use of motor vehicles. Although motor vehicles offer some benefits such as convenience, their use results in environmental and social problems. All sorts of people are concerned about this issue, and making some suggestion to solve these problems. This essay will describe six solutions for the environment and social problems, and demonstrate that land management, reducing car use and using hydroponics or aeroponic technology are more effective way to confront these issues. Climate change, which is caused by motorization and urban sprawl, is one of the most significant problems. Urban sprawl results in more energy use in transportation, and it also use in large homes on the urban fringe which leads to more heating and cooling. This creates global warming gases such as carbon dioxide into the air. There are two solutions that offer different degrees of effect for the problem of climate change. Nuclear technologies are one solution. In Gonzalez’s article, two international business organizations named the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) and the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) recommend using new technologies such as new renewable energy and cleaner fuels helps to reduce global warming. However, Gonzalez (2005) explains these technological solutions can only shift the ecological pressure and cut down the global warming problem in the short term. For instance, nuclear energy emissions will cause other major environment problems (Gonzalez, 2005). Another shortcoming about nuclear technologies from Gonzalez (2005) is that now no technology are able to effectively reduce climate change problem, and allow present percentage of economic increase and consumption to keep going meanwhile decreasing global warming. Then the author highlight that environmental issues will become more serious before the success of the new technologies. Another solution of climate change is environmentally sensitive land management. Gonzalez (2005) suggests regulating the distances of residential and work places, and creating these places smaller. As a result, although nuclear terminologies can reduce climate change problem in a short term, land management is the most effective means. Urban sprawl results in the dramatically increasing use of automobile. Frumkin (2001) notes that motorization causes a numerous greenhouse gas emissions into the air, and physical health problems, such as worse lung function, and the mental health issues that affect local communities, especially the elderly and the very young. Living in suburbs, where is peace and quiet, provides benefits for human’s health (Frumkin, 2001). Thus, it increases the rural population. Gonzalez (2005) urged that people should get rid of dependence on cars, and spend more time on walking, biking and public transit. This solution seems to create the best effects to decrease the gas emissions to solve health problems. Another social problem is loss of farm land. Kenworthy and Hu (2002, 5 cited in Martin , 2007) explains that the percentage of urbanized land in China is growing, but the land use per capita has declined from 164 to 146 in six Chinese cities in five years. Yardley (2004 cited in Martin 2007) states that more than 2 per cent of farmland was replaced by urban areas in 2003. There are two solutions that offer different benefits. First, for this problem, McCartney (2010) suggests that people who live in the city are able to grow food in their private gardens or on balconies. Moreover, the author points out that people can grow food in a large-scale by using hydroponic or aeroponic technology in the future. This technology reduces vehicle CO2 emissions and people do not need to worry about the impact of droughts or floods to crops. Therefore, using hydroponics or aeroponic technology offers more. In conclusion, urban sprawl and motorization brings a variety of environmental and social issues namely climate change, health problem and loss of farm land. In this article, providing a number of methods to solve these problems. While some ways of approaching this problems including nuclear technologies, moving to suburbs and planting food in people’s private gardens or on balconies are able to help to decline damage of problems, these solutions still have some drawbacks. Accordingly, more effective and long method to resolve these problems are land management, reducing car use and using hydroponics or aeroponic technology.

The Ceo’s Decision-Making Process Model on Service Offshore Outsourcing: Using Theory of Reasoned Action (Tra)

THE CEO’S DECISION-MAKING PROCESS MODEL ON SERVICE OFFSHORE OUTSOURCING: USING THEORY OF REASONED ACTION (TRA) Mark Yang Department of Information, Operations and Technology Management College of Business Administration The University of Toledo 2801 W. Bancroft St. Toledo, Ohio, USA 43606 Phone: (419) 787-3453 Fax: (419) 530-2290 E-mail: [email  protected] utoledo. edu Jeen Lim Department of Marketing and International Business College of Business Administration The University of Toledo 2801 W. Bancroft St. Toledo, Ohio, USA 43606 Phone: (419) 530-2922 Fax: (419) 530-4610 E-mail: jeen. [email  protected] du ABSTRACT This present study attempts to fill the gap through providing the CEO’s decision-making process model with regard to service offshore outsourcing activities which becomes important strategy to maintain firm’s competitive advantage. Arguably, the CEO is the main domain of decision making authority on such important agenda of the firm as service off shoring. The research model includes 1) key antecedents of service offshoring deriving from various outsourcing literatures, 2) CEO’s propensity (attitude and subjective norm), intention and behavior, and 3) regulatory environmental factors.As a theoretical base, Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) will be used. Managerial implication as well as future research direction will be provided. Keywords: Offshore outsourcing, Key Antecedents of Service offshoring, Decision-making process, Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) INTRODUCTION Recently, service offshoring has brought the tremendous increasing attention and concern to both practitioners and researchers due to the rapidly-changing structure of the U. S. mployment and the growing importance of its significant impact on the U. S. economy. This trend has been more and more visible due to â€Å"the rise of globally integrated knowledge economy†, which has both good and bad impact on the U. S. econo my: it may be good because U. S. firms may enjoy the cost benefits, utilizing large best pools with relatively low cost; it may be also bad because they are likely to lose control of their core businesses or lose white-collar jobs of the U. S. counterpart.Up to now, large body of research has addressed the various issues of service offshoring. However, current scholarly works tend to be fragmented and especially, few attempted to examine inside of firm’s decision-making process with regard to service offshore outsourcing. Such decision-making process model may be useful to contribute to the previous – 4491 – body of research on service offshore outsourcing in that to my knowledge, very few papers produced from top management perspective (except [47]) and this process model may help top management, esp.Chief Executive Officer (CEO) avoid to make hasty decision, resulting in saving huge economic losses. This paper is organized as follows. The following section pro vides literature reviews. The third section presents the research model which includes such variables as 1) key antecedents which are major criteria for determining service offshoring drawn from the extant literatures on outsourcing activities; 2) CEO’s propensity; 3) CEO’s Intention and Behavior; and 4) regulatory environment (moderating variable). Series of research propositions are developed.The conclusion section provides the managerial implication as well as future research direction. LITERATURE REVIEW The role of top management on affecting firms’ strategy choices and performance has been well-documented [13] [14] [40] [9] [15]. Quality of leadership of top management, esp. CEO, determines the fate of the firm. For example, under Jack Welch’s leadership General Electric Company (GE) within 20 years has been drastically transformed into one of the largest and most admired company with $ 500 billion’s market value from a market capitalization o f $12 billion.It shows the critical role of CEO in advancing the firm in terms of organizational performance. Excellent outcomes start with wise and prudent decision-making. In that regard, CEO is considered the main domain of decision-making authority on important agenda of the firm such as offshoring service. Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) [12] [2] is a general model that does not specify the beliefs that are operative for a certain behavior [8]. The TRA postulates that one’s behavior is determined by his /her behavioral intention (BI) to perform the behavior.BI is divided into two conceptually distinct variables: 1) one’s attitude (A) toward performing the behavior, and 2) one’ subjective norm (SN) about performing the behavior. Once attitudes and subjective norms are formed, CEO may have inclination whether or not to make certain choices. Actual behavior is the transmission of such intention into action. Significance of the role of environment on the strate gy formulation and organizational outcome has been extensively examined [25] [29] [16] [24]. The CEO’s decision to offshore services will be greatly contingent on the regulatory environment a firm faces.The regulatory environment can, to some extent, act to facilitate or hinder offshoring. Regulation environment becomes a moderating variable that can weaken or enhance the relationship between (1) the drivers of offshoring and top management’s propensity; and (2) top management’s propensity and intention and actual behavior. RESEARCH MODEL The research model is about the CEO’s decision making process on service offshore outsourcing. It includes four key antecedents (i. e. , decision-criteria) of service offshore outsourcing and the CEO’s propensity, intention and behavior.This model also attempts to examine the moderating role of regulatory environment between (1) the key antecedents and the CEO’s propensity; and (2) the CEO’s propensi ty and the CEO’s intention and behavior. Cost Advantage ([18] [19]) Cost advantage refers to the extent to which a client firm can achieve cost reduction, productivity or profitability through service offshore outsourcing activities. One of the most commonly quoted reasons is that managers feel that they can gain cost advantages by employing – 4492 – outside suppliers to perform certain services and produce certain products.Cost reduction remains the major explanation for the drivers of outsourcing. Some researchers argue that an important foundation of cost reductions is the outsourcing firm’s access to economies of scale and the distinctive know-how or expertise that a large outsourcing vendor (i. e. , supplier) can bring. [4] [32] Nohria and William [30] discovered that to be a steady industry winner, a firm must increase its productivity by around twice above than the industry’s average. There are a number of studies that focus on explaining th e relationship between outsourcing and productivity growth.Today’s knowledge and service-based economy offers numerous opportunities for wellrun companies to increase profits through outsourcing [30]. When used properly, outsourcing can boost profitability to the firm in many ways (i. e. , staffing, capabilities, facilities, and payroll, etc). The most obvious reason why a firm offshores services is also for cost advantage. In regard to offshoring activities, wage differential (i. e. , lower labor cost with comparable quality of work) between U. S. and other developing countries motivates top management to offshore. Risk Control ([17])Risk control refers to the degree to which a client firm control the risk such as amount of involved outsourcing value (i. e. , scale of the contract), outsourcing complexity (i. e. , level of contract difficulty) and outsourcing duration (length of the contract) that might occur through outsourcing. Management needs to assess and evaluate the r isks and their impact at various levels such as strategic, tactical and operational levels [43]. The level of contract complexity also can influence on the level of risk. Complexity refers to the degree to which activities are diversified with the outsourcing function.The more complex a contract is, the more risky its implementation is. Length of contract duration [19] can affect the complexity of an outsourcing relationship. When an outsourcing contract’s duration requires a longer period of time, both diversity of business relationships and complexity of contract management increase. As a result, longer duration contracts expose the outsourcing company to greater level of risk due to managerial uncertainty. Infrastructure Maturity ([17] [23]) Infrastructure maturity refers to the degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) have developed telecommunications (i. e. Internet and mobile telecommunication) and transportation (i. e. , logistics, 3PLs) infrastructure. T echnology advancement makes organizational and national borders less significant when it comes to the decision regarding relocation of service functions. Telecommunication infrastructure is essential for electronically transmitted services. Lack of telecommunication system will be a hurdle for trade with U. S. Transportation infrastructure refers to the availability of logistics. The increase in competition and growing awareness of the role of logistics lead more companies to exploit the potential of outsourcing.Cultural Compatibility ([20]) Cultural compatibility refers to the degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) can interchangeably accept cultural dissimilarities including language (i. e. , English), ethnic linkage, or cultural difference. In the context of a firm’s offshoring decision, language similarity between a client and vendor firm is important. Language similarity is measured by the extent to which a vendor firm is exposed to English (i. e. , Engli sh fluency). Ethnic linkage is also important for offshoring outsourcing service activities. Ethnic linkage between the managers of both firms (i. . , client and vendor) in origin and destination countries increases cultural compatibility. Such – 4493 – linkage improves social capital [45]. Cultural difference refers to the degree to which firms may not accept a counterpart’s culture. These cultural differences may increase difficulties associated with managing employees. We propose that four factors that have influenced firms’ outsourcing decision will affect to some extent firms’ service offshoring decision. Therefore, we regard these four factors as the key antecedents of the CEO’s decision for service offshore outsourcing.Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) In firms’ decision-making for service offshoring, CEO is the key person who actually involves in that process with collaborative effort of top management and board of directors. Ac cording to TRA, attitude toward offshore outsourcing services is generated by the individual’s salient belief about the consequences of adopting service offshoring practices (behavioral beliefs) and evaluation of these consequences (i. e. , positive or negative outcomes). Positive feelings toward offshoring will lead top management to form optimistic attitude, in turn intention to behave (i. e. willingness to offshore outsourcing services). After careful examination of the four key antecedents, i. e. , cost advantage, risk control, infrastructure maturity, and cultural compatibility, the CEO forms positive or negative attitude toward offshoring. Subjective norm is generated by the normative beliefs that the person attributes to what relevant others (i. e. , social referents) expect her to do with respect to adopting offshoring services as well as her motivation to comply with those beliefs. Social referents possibly include firm’s board of directors, stockholders, firm ’s customers, or CIO [47].The strength of social referents’ normative belief and motivations will actually determine the CEO’s final decision to offshore services. Once attitudes and subjective norms are formed, the CEO may have inclination whether or not to make decision for offshoring services. In turn, actual behavior will be transmitted from such intention. The above discussions lead to: Proposition 1: The key antecedents of service offshore outsourcing, (a) Cost Advantage, (b) Risk Control, (c) Infrastructure Maturity, and (d) Cultural Compatibility will have a positive impact on top management’s attitude and subjective norms to offshore outsourcing services.Proposition 2: Top management’s positive attitude and norms that was formed through careful assessing key antecedents of service offshoring will have a positive impact on top management’s actual behavior (i. e. , both intention and decision to offshore services). Moderating Effect: Regulatory Environment ([17] [20]) Regulatory environment refers to explicit regulative processes, existing laws and rules that influence offshoring outsourcing [49]. In this case, government plays a major role.For example, in case of offshoring software industry, government can affect restrict or facilitate the import and export of equipment, software, or data across the country. Government is also the main enforcers of intellectual property laws (i. e. , patent, copyright) 36]. Companies in the U. S. will not choose to offshore key functions if they are concerned about the security of key processes or products [37]. Generally, three types of regulatory factors can be categorized: 1) Tariff/ Non-tariff barriers; 2) privacy laws and 3) rule of law.We propose that above regulatory environment factors will play moderating roles in affecting the relationship between the key antecedents and the CEO’s final decision to offshore outsourcing services. Proposition 3: The relationship between (1) the key antecedents and the CEO’s propensity and (2) CEO’s propensity and intention and behavior for offshore outsourcing services will be moderated by regulatory environment. – 4494 – Table 1: Key constructs (Definitions and Supporting Literatures) Construct Definition Literature Cost Advantage (CA) The degree to which a client firm can achieve cost reduction, operating efficiency (i. . , productivity) or profitability that is related to economic benefit through service offshore outsourcing activities Smith et al. , 1998; Jiang et al. , 2006; Jiang et al. , 2007 Risk Control (RC) The degree to which a client firm controls the risk that might occur through service offshore outsourcing activities, risk such as amount of involved value (i. e. , Scale of the contract), complexity (i. e. , Level of contract difficulty) and duration (Length of the contract). Smith et al. , 1998 Stremersch et al. , 2003; Carson, 2007; Jiang and Qureshi, 2006; Jiang et al. , 2007 Infrastructure Maturity IM) The degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) have developed telecommunications (i. e. , Internet and mobile telecommunication) and transportation infrastructure. Cultural Compatibility (CC) The degree to which both firms (i. e. , client and vendor) can interchangeably accept different cultural backgrounds including language (i. e. , English), ethnic linkage, or cultural difference. Kshetri, 2007 Regulatory Environment (RE) Explicit regulative processes, existing laws and rules such as trade barriers, privacy laws and rule of law that influence service offshore outsourcing activitiesScott, 1995; Jahns et al. , 2006; Kshetri, 2007 Jahns et al. , 2006; Metters and Verma, 2008 Figure 2: Theoretical Model Key Antecedents Cost Advantage (CA) Risk Control (RC) Infrastructure Maturity (IM) H1 The CEO’s Attitude and Subjective Norms toward offshoring Hservices 3 (PROPENSITY) Cultural Compatibility (CC) H3 Regulatory Environment (RE) – 4495 – H2 The CEO’s DecisionMaking to offshore services (INTENTION) (BEHAVIOR) CONCLUSION Nowadays, outsourcing and offshoring decision is not an alternative option to choose but a mandatory passport to lead firms to sustain competitive advantages over rivals.In this regard, this paper seems to be of less value because many firms offshore service jobs anyway. However, the key antecedents that were shown in present study may help management as useful decision tools and become critical in succeeding to reap the full benefits of the offshoring activities to the firm. This is a meaningful attempt to go inside of firms’ decision-making process though it may not be perfectly useful for managerial decision. It is primarily because through this model, management can rethink before they launch the service offshoring activities, asking themselves â€Å"why we pursue† and â€Å"then, how we can reap the full benefits. This present study attempted to c onsider four key antecedents of service offshoring which are important decision-credentials for top management, esp. CEO to offshore. Although these are not direct determinants of service offshoring decision, they are the ones in which firms need to consider before actual decision is made in that they encompass different aspects. Cost advantage and risk control are considered economic aspects. Since cost elements are always one of the most important reasons for firms’ decision of certain activities, cost advantage and level of risk control needs to be carefully examined before initial launch is kicked off.Infrastructure maturity is considered environmental or infrastructural aspect. Availability and development of telecommunication and transportation infrastructure is critical for service offshoring—its fast and reliable delivery. Lastly, cultural compatibility is considered cultural aspect. Language (i. e. , English) fluency, ethnic linkage, or cultural difference wil l actually determine long-term relationship between a client and vendor firm across the country.These decision-criteria will help top management to consider the different aspects of offshoring activities, which are economic, environmental (infrastructural) and cultural dimensions. This present study also identified three different aspects of regulatory environment which are trade barriers, privacy laws, and rule of law. Trade barriers are associated with a relation-type regulatory factor in that they determine the magnitude of relationship between countries which are involved in offshoring activities.Privacy laws are coupled with a risk-type regulatory factor in that lack of privacy laws will make a client firm to be exposed to information (data) loss. Rule of law such as political institution, court system or sound citizenship is linked with security-type regulatory factor in that poor rule of law (i. e. , vendor firm) is regarded as major obstacles to offshoring and cause to criti cal security problems. For future research, three major works need to be done. First, to make empirical study possible, measurement items for each key antecedent and CEO’s propensity, intention and behavior need to be developed.For operationalization of key variables, more refined work should be continued. In this case, both secondary data and survey method may be appropriately used. Second, for completeness of the model or further analysis, outcome and performance measure might be added. Third, for extension of this paper, it might be an interesting attempt if general decision-making process model which includes other top management teams and board of directors is provided. * References Available Upon Request (Mark Yang: [email  protected] utoledo. edu) – 4496 –

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